Since Neptune is substantially further away from the Sun, scientists concluded that the similarity in temperature was due to higher methane content trapping more heat on Neptune. Although IRIS shut down in 1988, it transmitted important information about Neptune and Uranus which led to our understanding that the two planets have roughly the same temperature. This aids the future of space missions, particularly initiatives to find habitable environments for alien life. The use of IRIS as a thermometer in space enables more accurate atmospheric dynamic models. Voyager also had a three-part Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) which acted as a thermometer, detecting temperature emissions from space bodies, a sensor for different elements and compounds near atmospheres of space bodies, and a radiometer to measure sunlight reflected at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared frequencies. ![]() Since Voyager is now beyond our solar system in deep space, these readings provide scientists with important information about the universe that surrounds us. Stars also emit high energy particles which the CRS system tracks. Highly energetic particles can be detected from fields around large planets such as Jupiter. The CRS aimed to gather data to provide information on the content of energy and dynamics of cosmic rays across the galaxy in an attempt to better understand ray sources from across the galaxy, even beyond our star. Such particles can be found in intense ration fields like the area around Jupiter, or from other stars. The Cosmic Ray Subsystem (CRS) looks for energetic particles in plasma and has high sensitivity. Intended to flyby various bodies within the solar system and then continue gathering data outside of our solar system, the Voyager missions have been instrumental in learning about planets within our solar system and about the energy and space outside the solar system as well. The Voyager missions were launched in the 1970s to explore deep space beyond what humans had conceived before. To conclude, the facts of previous missions will be used to propose ideas for new missions and offer commentary on established plans for future missions as well. This paper will analyze the science objectives of each mission, their orbits and launch vehicles, and other particularly interesting information. Combined these missions altered humanity’s concepts of space by confirming existing theories and presenting information that lead to new questions. Cassini used a probe and spacecraft to learn about Saturn, its rings, and its satellites as well. Galileo sent a probe into Jupiter’s atmosphere and a spacecraft entered the Jovian orbit. ![]() The Pioneer missions both flew by Jupiter and Pioneer 11 also conducted a detailed exploration of Saturn. Voyager used gravity assist and a rare alignment of planets to research Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. ![]() These missions are of particular interest to me due to their role in boosting human understanding of various planets and the outer edges of the solar system. This report will present the stories, physics, and science missions of four historic NASA deep space missions: Voyager, Pioneer (10 and 11), Galileo, and Cassini. The technology required to explore the solar system and the universe outside our solar system has grown from simple rockets and capsules designed to bring people to the moon to impressive orbiters and satellites equipped with the latest in research technology to expand humanity’s understanding of our solar system and the universe that surrounds us. Fairfield Ludlowe High School Introductionĭeep space missions have become the interest of space agencies over the past 50 years after humans successfully reached space and our moon.
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